# twscrape
[version](https://pypi.org/project/twscrape) [py versions](https://pypi.org/project/twscrape) [downloads](https://pypi.org/project/twscrape) [license](https://github.com/vladkens/twscrape/blob/main/LICENSE) [donate](https://buymeacoffee.com/vladkens)
Twitter GraphQL API implementation with [SNScrape](https://github.com/JustAnotherArchivist/snscrape) data models.
example of cli usage
## Install ```bash pip install twscrape ``` Or development version: ```bash pip install git+https://github.com/vladkens/twscrape.git ``` ## Features - Support both Search & GraphQL Twitter API - Async/Await functions (can run multiple scrapers in parallel at the same time) - Login flow (with receiving verification code from email) - Saving/restoring account sessions - Raw Twitter API responses & SNScrape models - Automatic account switching to smooth Twitter API rate limits ## Usage This project requires authorized X/Twitter accounts to work with the API. You have two options: 1. **Create Your Own Account**: While you can register a new account on X/Twitter yourself, it's can be difficult due to strict verification processes and high ban rates. 2. **Use Ready Accounts**: For immediate access, you can get ready-to-use accounts with cookies from [our recommended provider](https://kutt.it/ueeM5f). Cookie-based accounts typically have fewer login issues. For optimal performance and to avoid IP-based restrictions, we also recommend using proxies from [our provider](https://kutt.it/eb3rXk). **Disclaimer**: While X/Twitter's Terms of Service discourage using multiple accounts, this is a common practice for data collection and research purposes. Use responsibly and at your own discretion. ```python import asyncio from twscrape import API, gather from twscrape.logger import set_log_level async def main(): api = API() # or API("path-to.db") – default is `accounts.db` # ADD ACCOUNTS (for CLI usage see next readme section) # Option 1. Adding account with cookies (more stable) cookies = "abc=12; ct0=xyz" # or '{"abc": "12", "ct0": "xyz"}' await api.pool.add_account("user3", "pass3", "u3@mail.com", "mail_pass3", cookies=cookies) # Option2. Adding account with login / password (less stable) # email login / password required to receive the verification code via IMAP protocol # (not all email providers are supported, e.g. ProtonMail) await api.pool.add_account("user1", "pass1", "u1@example.com", "mail_pass1") await api.pool.add_account("user2", "pass2", "u2@example.com", "mail_pass2") await api.pool.login_all() # try to login to receive account cookies # API USAGE # search (latest tab) await gather(api.search("elon musk", limit=20)) # list[Tweet] # change search tab (product), can be: Top, Latest (default), Media await gather(api.search("elon musk", limit=20, kv={"product": "Top"})) # tweet info tweet_id = 20 await api.tweet_details(tweet_id) # Tweet await gather(api.retweeters(tweet_id, limit=20)) # list[User] # Note: this method have small pagination from X side, like 5 tweets per query await gather(api.tweet_replies(tweet_id, limit=20)) # list[Tweet] # get user by login user_login = "xdevelopers" await api.user_by_login(user_login) # User # user info user_id = 2244994945 await api.user_by_id(user_id) # User await gather(api.following(user_id, limit=20)) # list[User] await gather(api.followers(user_id, limit=20)) # list[User] await gather(api.verified_followers(user_id, limit=20)) # list[User] await gather(api.subscriptions(user_id, limit=20)) # list[User] await gather(api.user_tweets(user_id, limit=20)) # list[Tweet] await gather(api.user_tweets_and_replies(user_id, limit=20)) # list[Tweet] await gather(api.user_media(user_id, limit=20)) # list[Tweet] # list info await gather(api.list_timeline(list_id=123456789)) # trends await gather(api.trends("news")) # list[Trend] await gather(api.trends("sport")) # list[Trend] await gather(api.trends("VGltZWxpbmU6DAC2CwABAAAACHRyZW5kaW5nAAA")) # list[Trend] # NOTE 1: gather is a helper function to receive all data as list, FOR can be used as well: async for tweet in api.search("elon musk"): print(tweet.id, tweet.user.username, tweet.rawContent) # tweet is `Tweet` object # NOTE 2: all methods have `raw` version (returns `httpx.Response` object): async for rep in api.search_raw("elon musk"): print(rep.status_code, rep.json()) # rep is `httpx.Response` object # change log level, default info set_log_level("DEBUG") # Tweet & User model can be converted to regular dict or json, e.g.: doc = await api.user_by_id(user_id) # User doc.dict() # -> python dict doc.json() # -> json string if __name__ == "__main__": asyncio.run(main()) ``` ### Stoping iteration with break In order to correctly release an account in case of `break` in loop, a special syntax must be used. Otherwise, Python's events loop will release lock on the account sometime in the future. See explanation [here](https://github.com/vladkens/twscrape/issues/27#issuecomment-1623395424). ```python from contextlib import aclosing async with aclosing(api.search("elon musk")) as gen: async for tweet in gen: if tweet.id < 200: break ``` ## CLI ### Get help on CLI commands ```sh # show all commands twscrape # help on specific comand twscrape search --help ``` ### Add accounts To add accounts use `add_accounts` command. Command syntax is: ```sh twscrape add_accounts ``` Where: `` is format of line if accounts file splited by delimeter. Possible tokens: - `username` – required - `password` – required - `email` – required - `email_password` – to receive email code (you can use `--manual` mode to get code) - `cookies` – can be any parsable format (string, json, base64 string, etc) - `_` – skip column from parse Tokens should be splited by delimeter, usually "`:`" used. Example: I have account files named `order-12345.txt` with format: ```text username:password:email:email password:user_agent:cookies ``` Command to add accounts will be (user_agent column skiped with `_`): ```sh twscrape add_accounts ./order-12345.txt username:password:email:email_password:_:cookies ``` ### Login accounts _Note:_ If you added accounts with cookies, login not required. Run: ```sh twscrape login_accounts ``` `twscrape` will start login flow for each new account. If X will ask to verify email and you provided `email_password` in `add_account`, then `twscrape` will try to receive verification code by IMAP protocol. After success login account cookies will be saved to db file for future use. #### Manual email verification In case your email provider not support IMAP protocol (ProtonMail, Tutanota, etc) or IMAP is disabled in settings, you can enter email verification code manually. To do this run login command with `--manual` flag. Example: ```sh twscrape login_accounts --manual twscrape relogin user1 user2 --manual twscrape relogin_failed --manual ``` ### Get list of accounts and their statuses ```sh twscrape accounts # Output: # username logged_in active last_used total_req error_msg # user1 True True 2023-05-20 03:20:40 100 None # user2 True True 2023-05-20 03:25:45 120 None # user3 False False None 120 Login error ``` ### Re-login accounts It is possible to re-login specific accounts: ```sh twscrape relogin user1 user2 ``` Or retry login for all failed logins: ```sh twscrape relogin_failed ``` ### Use different accounts file Useful if using a different set of accounts for different actions ``` twscrape --db test-accounts.db ``` ### Search commands ```sh twscrape search "QUERY" --limit=20 twscrape tweet_details TWEET_ID twscrape tweet_replies TWEET_ID --limit=20 twscrape retweeters TWEET_ID --limit=20 twscrape user_by_id USER_ID twscrape user_by_login USERNAME twscrape user_media USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape following USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape followers USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape verified_followers USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape subscriptions USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape user_tweets USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape user_tweets_and_replies USER_ID --limit=20 twscrape trends sport ``` The default output is in the console (stdout), one document per line. So it can be redirected to the file. ```sh twscrape search "elon mask lang:es" --limit=20 > data.txt ``` By default, parsed data is returned. The original tweet responses can be retrieved with `--raw` flag. ```sh twscrape search "elon mask lang:es" --limit=20 --raw ``` ### About `limit` param X API works through pagination, each API method can have different defaults for per page parameter (and this parameter can't be changed by caller). So `limit` param in `twscrape` is the desired number of objects (tweets or users, depending on the method). `twscrape` tries to return NO LESS objects than requested. If the X API returns less or more objects, `twscrape` will return whatever X gives. ## Proxy There are few options to use proxies. 1. You can add proxy per account ```py proxy = "http://login:pass@example.com:8080" await api.pool.add_account("user4", "pass4", "u4@mail.com", "mail_pass4", proxy=proxy) ``` 2. You can use global proxy for all accounts ```py proxy = "http://login:pass@example.com:8080" api = API(proxy=proxy) doc = await api.user_by_login("elonmusk") ``` 3. Use can set proxy with environemt variable `TWS_RPOXY`: ```sh TWS_PROXY=socks5://user:pass@127.0.0.1:1080 twscrape user_by_login elonmusk ``` 4. You can change proxy any time like: ```py api.proxy = "socks5://user:pass@127.0.0.1:1080" doc = await api.user_by_login("elonmusk") # new proxy will be used api.proxy = None doc = await api.user_by_login("elonmusk") # no proxy used ``` 5. Proxy priorities - `api.proxy` have top priority - `env.proxy` will be used if `api.proxy` is None - `acc.proxy` have lowest priotity So if you want to use proxy PER ACCOUNT, do NOT override proxy with env variable or by passing proxy param to API. _Note:_ If proxy not working, exception will be raised from API class. ## Environment Variables - `TWS_PROXY` - global proxy for all accounts (e.g. `socks5://user:pass@127.0.0.1:1080`) - `TWS_WAIT_EMAIL_CODE` - timeout for email verification code during login (default: `30`, in seconds) - `TWS_RAISE_WHEN_NO_ACCOUNT` - raise `NoAccountError` exception when no available accounts, instead of waiting (default: `false`, values: `false`/`0`/`true`/`1`) ## Limitations X/Twitter regularly [updates](https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1675187969420828672) their rate limits. Current basic behavior: - Request limits reset every 15 minutes for each endpoint individually - Each account has separate limits for different operations (search, profile views, etc.) API data limitations: - `user_tweets` & `user_tweets_and_replies` - can return ~3200 tweets maximum - Rate limits may vary based on account age and status ## Articles - [How to still scrape millions of tweets in 2023](https://medium.com/@vladkens/how-to-still-scrape-millions-of-tweets-in-2023-using-twscrape-97f5d3881434) - [_(Add Article)_](https://github.com/vladkens/twscrape/edit/main/readme.md) ## See also - [twitter-advanced-search](https://github.com/igorbrigadir/twitter-advanced-search) – guide on search filters - [twitter-api-client](https://github.com/trevorhobenshield/twitter-api-client) – Implementation of Twitter's v1, v2, and GraphQL APIs - [snscrape](https://github.com/JustAnotherArchivist/snscrape) – is a scraper for social networking services (SNS) - [twint](https://github.com/twintproject/twint) – Twitter Intelligence Tool